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Calculus - Introducing Differentiable functions and Differentiation - Basic Differentiation Formulas, Successive Differentiation; MCQ Quizzes

 

A Quick Outline of the Tutorial Document and what it contains
      
 

differentiation


Calculus - Introducing Differentiable functions and Differentiation - Outline of Contents (Also check out the MCQ Quizzes at the end):

Target Audience: High School Students, College Freshmen and Sophomores, students preparing for the International Baccalaureate (IB), AP Calculus AB, AP Calculus BC, A Level, Singapore/GCE A-Level; 

Class 11/12 students in India preparing for ISC/CBSE and Entrance Examinations like the IIT-JEE/AIEEE Anyone else who needs this Tutorial as a reference!


Theory and definitions introducing differentiability, basic differentiation formulas of common algebraic and trigonometric functions , successive differentiation, Leibnitz Theorem, Rolle's Theorem,  Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem, Increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and Minima; Concavity, convexity and inflexion, implicit differentiation. 


Here's a very quick outline or summary of the concepts introduced in this tutorial.  Future tutorials, which appear further in this series of calculus tutorials, will focus on how these ideas are applied and we will solve interesting examples and problems where these concepts will be applied.

• Differentiability Of Functions &  Basic Differentiation Formulas: 

The condition for differentiability of functions will be introduced in the tutorial. 
Addition, Subtraction, Linearity, Product, Quotient, Chain and Power Rules, Exponential and Logarithmic Rules - these will be introduced in the tutorial document.
Formulas for derivatives of sin x, cos x, tan x, sec x, cot x, cosec x and their inverse values:  sin-1 x, cos-1 x, tan-1  x, sec-1  x, cot-1  x, cosec-1  x 

• Successive Differentiation: 

The derivative f' (x) of a derivable function f (x) is itself a function of x. We suppose that it also possesses a derivative, which is denoted by f'' (x) and called the second derivative of f (x). 
The third derivative of f (x) which is the derivative of f'' (x) is denoted by f '''(x) and so on. Thus the successive derivatives of f (x) are represented by the symbols, f (x), f; (x), . . . , f n (x), . . .
where each term is the derivative of the previous one. Sometimes y1 , y2 , y3 , . . . , yn , . . . are used to denote the successive derivatives of y.

• Leibnitz’s Theorem

The nth derivative of the product of two functions: If u, v be the two functions possessing derivatives of the nth order, then  (uv)n = un v +n C1 un−1 v1 +n C2 un−2 v2 + . . . +n Cr un−r vr + . . . + uvn .

• Rolle’s Theorem: 

If a function f (x) is derivable in an interval [a, b], and also f (a) = f (b), then there exists atleast one value c of x lying within [a, b] such that f (c) = 0.

• Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem: 

If a function f (x) is derivable in an interval [a, b], then there exists atleast one value c of x lying within [a, b] such that
(f (b) − f (a)) / (b-a) = f(c)

Increasing and Decreasing Functions:

A function whose derivative is positive for every value of x in an interval is a monotonically increasing function of x in that interval, i.e,
If f (x) > 0 for every value of x in [a, b], then f (x) is an increasing function of x in that interval.
A function whose derivative is negative for every value of x in an interval is a monotonically decreasing function of x in that interval, i.e,
If f (x) < 0 for every value of x in [a, b], then f (x) is an decreasing function of x in that interval.

What Maxima and Minima mean :

Maximum Value of a function: f (c) is said to be a maximum value of f (x), if it is the greatest of all its values of x lying in some neighbourhood of c, i.e, f (c) is a maximum value of x if there exists a positive δ such that f (c) > f (c + h) or f (c) − f (c + h) > 0 for values of h lying between −δ and δ.
Minimum Value of a function: f (c) is said to be a minimum value of f (x), if it is the least of all its values of x lying in some neighbourhood of c, i.e, f (c) is a minimum value of x if there exists a positive δ such that f (c) < f (c + h) or f (c + h) − f (c) > 0 for values of h lying between −δ and δ.

Greatest and least values of a function in any interval

The greatest and least values of f (x) in any interval [a, b] are either f (a) and f (b), or are given by the values of x for which f (x) = 0.


Change of Sign

A function is said to change sign from positive to negative as x passes through a number c, if there exists some left-handed neighbourhood (c − h, c) of c for every point of which the function is positive, and also there exists some right-handed neighbourhood (c, c + h) of c for every point of which the function is negative.


Sufficient Criteria for extreme values

Prove that f (c) is an extreme value of f (x) if and only if f (x) changes sign as x passes through c, and to show that f (c) is a maximum value if the sign changes from positive to negative and a minimum value if the sign changes from negative to positive.

Minimum and Maximum Values :

Minimum Value: f (c) is a minimum value of f (x), if f '(c) = 0 and f'' (c) > 0.
Maximum Value: f (c) is a maximum value of f (x), if f '(c) = 0 and f ''(c) < 0.

Implicit Differentiation: 

A relation F (x, y) = 0 is said to define the function y = f (x) implicitly if, for x in the domain of f , F (x, f (x)) = 0. Given a differentiable relation F (x, y) = 0 which defines the differential function y = f (x), it is usually possible to find the derivative f even in the case when you cannot symbolically find f . The method of finding the derivative is called implicit differentiation.


Criteria for concavity, convexity and inflexion: 

Criteria to determine whether a curve y = f (x) is concave upwards, concave downwards, or has a point of inflexion at P [c, f (c)] are:
(i) the curve is concave upwards at P if f'' (c) > 0.
(ii) the curve is concave downwards at P if f'' (c) < 0.
(iii) the curve has inflexion at P if f'' (c) = 0 and f''' (c) = 0.

Complete Tutorial with Definitions and Formulas :




MCQ Quiz #1 and #2


MCQ Quiz #1

Companion MCQ Quiz #1 - test how much you know about the topic. Your score will be e-mailed to you at the address you provide.

Calculus - Functions, Limits and Continuity - Problem Set II - ‎‎[MCQ Quiz Mathematics:Single Variable Calculus:Limits,Functions and Continuity:Part-(5) ]‎‎


MCQ Quiz #2 

Companion MCQ Quiz #2 - test how much you know about the topic. Your score will be e-mailed to you at the address you provide.

MCQ Quiz- Functions, Limits, Continuity, Calculus


Our Calculus Tutorials                         

Quick and introductory definitions related to Funtions, Limits and Continuity

Functions, Limits and Continuity - Solved Problem Set I - The Domain, Range, Plots and Graphs of Functions; L'Hospital's Rule

Functions, Limits and Continuity - Solved Problem Set II - Conditions for Continuity, More Limits, Approximations for ln (1+x) and sin x for infinitesimal values of x  

Functions, Limits and Continuity - Solved Problem Set III - Continuity and Intermediate Value Theorems

Introductory concepts and definitions related to Differentiation - Basic formulas, Successive Differentiation, Leibnitz, Rolle and Lagrange Theorems, Maxima , Minima, Convexity, Concavity, etc

Differential Calculus - Solved Problem Set I - Common Exponential, Log , trigonometric and polynomial functions 

Differential Calculus - Solved Problem Set II - Derivability and continuity of functins - Change of Indepndent Variables - Finding N-th Derivatives -

Differential Calculus - Solved Problems Set III- Maximia, Minima, Extreme Values, Rolle's Theorem

Differential Calculus - Solved Problems Set IV - Points of Inflexion, Radius of Curvature, Curve Sketching

Differential Calculus - Solved Problems Set V - Curve Sketching, Parametric Curves 

Introducing Integral Calculus - Definite and Indefinite Integrals - using Substitution , Integration By Parts, ILATE rule  

Integral Calculus - Solved Problems Set I - Basic examples of polynomials and trigonometric functions, area under curves  

Integral Calculus - Solved Problems Set II - More integrals, functions involving trigonometric and inverse trigonometric ratios  

Integral Calculus - Solved Problems Set III - Reduction Formulas, Using Partial FractionsI 

Integral Calculus - Solved Problems Set IV - More of integration using partial fractions, more complex substitutions and transformations  

Integral Calculus - Solved Problems Set V- Integration as a summation of a series 

Introduction to Differential Equations and Solved Problems - Set I - Order and Degree, Linear and Non-Linear Differential Equations, Homogeneous Equations, Integrating Factor 

Differential Equations - Solved Problems - Set II - D operator, auxillary equation, General Solution 

Differential Equations - Solved Problems - Set III - More Differential Equations  

Differential Equations - Solved Problems - Set IV 


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